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Definitions",{"type":32,"value":33,"toc":1024},"minimark",[34,38,66,79,116,133,146,163,174,193,212,228,241,277,303,326,347,358,405,422,449,466,486,505,520,537,554,571,584,599,616,633,648,666,683,696,713,728,748,763,779,806,823,840,855,866,881,899,914,930,941,956,981,1006],[35,36,30],"h1",{"id":37},"bb-definitions",[39,40,41,45,48,52,53,57,58,60,61,65],"p",{},[42,43],"a",{"id":44},"BB.Definitions-abnormaltermination",[46,47],"br",{},[49,50,51],"strong",{},"abnormal termination"," [ ",[42,54,56],{"href":55},"\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Fback-matter\u002Faa-bibliography#AA.Bibliography-OpenGroup08","Open Group 08"," ]",[46,59],{},"\nAbnormal termination occurs when requested by the ",[62,63,64],"code",{},"abort()"," function or when some signals are received.",[39,67,68,71,73,76,78],{},[42,69],{"id":70},"BB.Definitions-applicationbinaryinterface",[46,72],{},[49,74,75],{},"application binary interface",[46,77],{},"\nAn application binary interface is an interface between two independently compiled modules of a program. An Application Binary Interface document specifies a set of conventions such as the order and location of function arguments that compilers must adhere to in order to achieve interoperability between such modules.",[39,80,81,84,86,52,89,93,94,57,98,100,101,108,109,115],{},[42,82],{"id":83},"BB.Definitions-basicexceptionsafety",[46,85],{},[49,87,88],{},"basic exception safety",[42,90,92],{"href":91},"\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Fback-matter\u002Faa-bibliography#AA.Bibliography-Stroustrup01","Stroustrup 01"," , ",[42,95,97],{"href":96},"\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Fback-matter\u002Faa-bibliography#AA.Bibliography-Sutter00","Sutter 00",[46,99],{},"\nThe basic exception safety guarantee is a property of an operation such that, if the operation terminates by raising an exception, it preserves program state invariants and prevents resource leaks. (See also ",[102,103,104],"em",{},[42,105,107],{"href":106},"#BB.Definitions-exceptionsafety","exception safety"," and ",[102,110,111],{},[42,112,114],{"href":113},"#BB.Definitions-strongexceptionsafety","strong exception safety"," .)",[39,117,118,121,123,124,126,127,132],{},[42,119],{"id":120},"BB.Definitions-clang",[46,122],{},"\n**Clang",[46,125],{},"\n** Clang is an open source C and C++ compiler. More information can be found at ",[42,128,129],{"href":129,"rel":130},"http:\u002F\u002Fclang.llvm.org\u002F",[131],"nofollow"," .",[39,134,135,138,140,143,145],{},[42,136],{"id":137},"BB.Definitions-conditionpredicate",[46,139],{},[49,141,142],{},"condition predicate",[46,144],{},"\nA condition predicate is an expression constructed from the variables of a function that must be true for a thread to be allowed to continue execution.",[39,147,148,151,153,52,156,57,160,162],{},[42,149],{"id":150},"BB.Definitions-conformingprogram",[46,152],{},[49,154,155],{},"conforming",[42,157,159],{"href":158},"\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Fback-matter\u002Faa-bibliography#AA.Bibliography-ISO\u002FIEC14882-2014","ISO\u002FIEC 14882-2014",[46,161],{},"\nConforming programs may depend on nonportable features of a conforming implementation.",[39,164,165,168,170,171,173],{},[42,166],{"id":167},"BB.Definitions-criticalsections",[46,169],{},"\n**critical sections",[46,172],{},"\n** Critical sections are code that accesses shared data and that would otherwise be protected from data races.",[39,175,176,179,181,182,184,185,188,189,192],{},[42,177],{"id":178},"BB.Definitions-cvqualify",[46,180],{},"\n**cv-qualify",[46,183],{},"\n** To cv-qualify a type is to add ",[62,186,187],{},"const"," or ",[62,190,191],{},"volatile"," (or both) to the type.",[39,194,195,198,200,52,203,57,205,207,208,211],{},[42,196],{"id":197},"BB.Definitions-datarace",[46,199],{},[49,201,202],{},"data race",[42,204,159],{"href":158},[46,206],{},"\nThe execution of a program contains a data race if it contains two potentially concurrent conflicting actions, at least one of which is not atomic, and neither happens before the other. [An exception is]that two accesses to the same object of type ",[62,209,210],{},"  volatile sig_atomic_t "," do not result in a data race if both occur in the same thread, even if one or more occurs in a signal handler.",[39,213,214,217,219,52,222,224,225,227],{},[42,215],{"id":216},"BB.Definitions-deadlock",[46,218],{},[49,220,221],{},"deadlock",[42,223,159],{"href":158}," ] **",[46,226],{},"\n** A deadlock is when one or more threads are unable to continue execution because each is blocked waiting for one or more of the others to satisfy some condition",[39,229,230,233,235,238,240],{},[42,231],{"id":232},"BB.Definitions-denial-of-service",[46,234],{},[49,236,237],{},"denial-of-service attack",[46,239],{},"\nA denial-of-service attack is an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users.",[39,242,243,52,251,57,253,255,256,260,261,265,266,108,271,115],{},[49,244,245,248,250],{},[42,246],{"id":247},"BB.Definitions-diagnosticmessage",[46,249],{},"\ndiagnostic message",[42,252,159],{"href":158},[46,254],{},"\nA diagnostic message is a message belonging to an implementation-defined subset of the implementation’s message output. A diagnostic message may indicate a constraint violation or a valid, but questionable, language construct. Messages typically include the file name and line number pointing to the offending code construct. In addition, implementations also often indicate the severity of the problem. Although the C++ Standard does not specify any such requirement, the most severe problems often cause implementations to fail to fully translate a translation unit. Diagnostics output in such cases are termed ",[42,257,259],{"href":258},"#BB.Definitions-error","errors"," . Other problems may cause implementations simply to issue a ",[42,262,264],{"href":263},"#BB.Definitions-warning","warning"," message and continue translating the rest of the program. (See ",[102,267,268],{},[42,269,270],{"href":258},"error message",[42,272,274],{"href":273},"#BB.Definitions-warningmessage",[102,275,276],{},"warning message",[39,278,279,282,283,286,287,289,290,292,293,108,299,115],{},[42,280],{"id":281},"BB.Definitions-error"," ",[42,284],{"id":285},"BB.Definitions-errormessage"," **",[46,288],{},"\nerror message**",[46,291],{},"\nAn error message is a diagnostic message generated when source code is encountered that prevents an implementation from translating a translation unit. (See ",[102,294,295],{},[42,296,298],{"href":297},"#BB.Definitions-diagnosticmessage","diagnostic message",[42,300,301],{"href":273},[102,302,276],{},[39,304,305,308,310,52,312,57,314,316,317,108,322,115],{},[42,306],{"id":307},"BB.Definitions-exceptionsafety",[46,309],{},[49,311,107],{},[42,313,92],{"href":91},[46,315],{},"\nAn operation on an object is said to be exception safe if that operation leaves the object in a valid state when the operation is terminated by throwing an exception. (See also ",[102,318,319],{},[42,320,88],{"href":321},"#BB.Definitions-basicexceptionsafety",[102,323,324],{},[42,325,114],{"href":113},[39,327,328,331,333,52,336,57,340,342,343,132],{},[42,329],{"id":330},"BB.Definitions-exploit",[46,332],{},[49,334,335],{},"exploit",[42,337,339],{"href":338},"\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Fback-matter\u002Faa-bibliography#AA.Bibliography-Seacord05","Seacord 2005",[46,341],{},"\nAn exploit is a piece of software or technique that takes advantage of a security vulnerability to violate an explicit or implicit ",[42,344,346],{"href":345},"#BB.Definitions-securitypolicy","security policy",[39,348,349,286,352,354,355,357],{},[42,350],{"id":351},"BB.Definitions-fataldiagnostic",[46,353],{},"\nfatal diagnostic**",[46,356],{},"\nA fatal diagnostic is a message that causes an implementation not to perform the translation.",[39,359,360,363,365,52,368,57,370,372,373,376,377,380,381,376,384,387,388,391,392,93,395,93,398,401,402,132],{},[42,361],{"id":362},"BB.Definitions-freestore",[46,364],{},[49,366,367],{},"free store",[42,369,159],{"href":158},[46,371],{},"\nThe free store is storage managed by the C++ allocation and deallocation functions ",[62,374,375],{},"  ::operator new(std::size_t) ",",",[62,378,379],{},"  ::operator delete(void*) "," , their array forms ",[62,382,383],{},"  ::operator new[](std::size_t) ",[62,385,386],{},"  ::operator delete[](void*) "," , overloads of said functions on ",[62,389,390],{},"std::nothrow_t"," , any user-defined replacements for said functions, as well as any such functions defined as a member of a class. Storage in the free store is distinct from storage managed by the C functions ",[62,393,394],{},"calloc()",[62,396,397],{},"free()",[62,399,400],{},"malloc()"," , and ",[62,403,404],{},"realloc()",[39,406,407,410,412,415,417,418,132],{},[42,408],{"id":409},"BB.Definitions-gcc",[46,411],{},[49,413,414],{},"GCC",[46,416],{},"\nGCC is an open source C and C++ compiler. More information can be found at ",[42,419,420],{"href":420,"rel":421},"https:\u002F\u002Fgcc.gnu.org\u002F",[131],[39,423,424,282,427,430,432,52,435,57,437,439,440,444,445,132],{},[42,425],{"id":426},"BB.Definitions-ill-formed",[42,428],{"id":429},"BB.Definitions-ill-formedprogram",[46,431],{},[49,433,434],{},"ill-formed program",[42,436,159],{"href":158},[46,438],{},"\nAn ill-formed program is a C++ program that is not ",[42,441,443],{"href":442},"#BB.Definitions-well-formed","well-formed"," ; that is, a program not constructed according to the syntax rules, diagnosable semantic rules, and the ",[42,446,448],{"href":447},"#BB.Definitions-odr","one-definition rule",[39,450,451,454,456,52,459,57,463,465],{},[42,452],{"id":453},"BB.Definitions-implementation",[46,455],{},[49,457,458],{},"implementation",[42,460,462],{"href":461},"\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Fback-matter\u002Faa-bibliography#AA.Bibliography-ISO\u002FIEC9899-2011","ISO\u002FIEC 9899:2011",[46,464],{},"\nAn implementation is a particular set of software, running in a particular translation environment, under particular control options, that performs translation of programs for, and supports execution of functions in, a particular execution environment.",[39,467,468,471,473,52,476,57,478,480,481,485],{},[42,469],{"id":470},"BB.Definitions-implementation-definedbehavior",[46,472],{},[49,474,475],{},"implementation-defined behavior",[42,477,159],{"href":158},[46,479],{},"\nImplementation-defined behavior is behavior, for a ",[42,482,484],{"href":483},"#BB.Definitions-well-formedprogram","well-formed program"," construct and correct data, that depends on the implementation and that each implementation documents.",[39,487,488,491,493,52,496,57,498,500,501,504],{},[42,489],{"id":490},"BB.Definitions-incompletetype",[46,492],{},[49,494,495],{},"incomplete type",[42,497,159],{"href":158},[46,499],{},"\nA class that has been declared but not defined, an enumeration type in certain contexts, an array of unknown size or of incomplete element type, and the ",[62,502,503],{},"void"," type are incomplete types. These types lack the information required to determine the size of the type.",[39,506,507,510,512,52,515,57,517,519],{},[42,508],{"id":509},"BB.Definitions-indeterminatevalue",[46,511],{},[49,513,514],{},"indeterminate value",[42,516,159],{"href":158},[46,518],{},"\nWhen storage for an object with automatic or dynamic storage duration is obtained, the object has an indeterminate value, and if no initialization is performed for the object, that object retains an indeterminate value until that value is replaced.",[39,521,522,525,527,530,532,533,132],{},[42,523],{"id":524},"BB.Definitions-invalidpointer",[46,526],{},[49,528,529],{},"invalid pointer",[46,531],{},"\nAn invalid pointer is a pointer that is not a ",[42,534,536],{"href":535},"#BB.Definitions-validpointer","valid pointer",[39,538,539,542,544,547,549,550,132],{},[42,540],{"id":541},"BB.Definitions-libcxx",[46,543],{},[49,545,546],{},"libc++",[46,548],{},"\nlibc++ is an open source Standard Template Library (STL) implementation. More information can be found at ",[42,551,552],{"href":552,"rel":553},"http:\u002F\u002Flibcxx.llvm.org\u002F",[131],[39,555,556,559,561,564,566,567,132],{},[42,557],{"id":558},"BB.Definitions-libstdcxx",[46,560],{},[49,562,563],{},"libstdc++",[46,565],{},"\nlibstdc++ is an open source Standard Template Library (STL) implementation. More information can be found at ",[42,568,569],{"href":569,"rel":570},"https:\u002F\u002Fgcc.gnu.org\u002Fonlinedocs\u002Flibstdc++\u002F",[131],[39,572,573,576,578,581,583],{},[42,574],{"id":575},"BB.Definitions-liveness",[46,577],{},[49,579,580],{},"liveness",[46,582],{},"\nLiveness is when every operation or method invocation executes to completion without interruptions, even if it goes against safety.",[39,585,586,589,591,52,594,57,596,598],{},[42,587],{"id":588},"BB.Definitions-lvalue",[46,590],{},[49,592,593],{},"lvalue",[42,595,159],{"href":158},[46,597],{},"\nAn lvalue (so called, historically, because lvalues could appear on the left-hand side of an assignment expression) designates a function or an object.",[39,600,601,604,606,609,611,612,132],{},[42,602],{"id":603},"BB.Definitions-msvc",[46,605],{},[49,607,608],{},"Microsoft Visual Studio",[46,610],{},"\nMicrosoft Visual Studio is a commercial C and C++ compiler. More information can be found at ",[42,613,614],{"href":614,"rel":615},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.visualstudio.com\u002F",[131],[39,617,618,621,623,626,628,629],{},[42,619],{"id":620},"BB.Definitions-msvcstl",[46,622],{},[49,624,625],{},"Microsoft Visual Studio STL",[46,627],{},"\nThe Microsoft Visual Studio STL is a commercial Standard Template Library (STL) implementation. More information can be found at ",[42,630,631],{"href":631,"rel":632},"https:\u002F\u002Fmsdn.microsoft.com\u002Fen-us\u002Flibrary\u002Fcscc687y.aspx",[131],[39,634,635,638,640,52,643,57,645,647],{},[42,636],{"id":637},"BB.Definitions-mitigation",[46,639],{},[49,641,642],{},"mitigation",[42,644,339],{"href":338},[46,646],{},"\nA mitigation is a method, technique, process, tool, or runtime library that can prevent or limit exploits against vulnerabilities.",[39,649,650,282,653,656,658,52,661,57,663,665],{},[42,651],{"id":652},"BB.Definitions-onedefinitionrule",[42,654],{"id":655},"BB.Definitions-odr",[46,657],{},[49,659,660],{},"one-definition rule (ODR)",[42,662,159],{"href":158},[46,664],{},"\nA fundamental C++ rule that states that no translation unit shall contain more than one definition of any variable, function, class type, enumeration type or template, and that every program shall contain exactly one definition of every non-inline function or variable. Some definitions may be duplicated in multiple translation units, subject to strict rules.",[39,667,668,669,672,674,675,52,678,57,680,682],{},"**",[42,670],{"id":671},"BB.Definitions-odr-use",[46,673],{},"\n** ",[49,676,677],{},"ODR-use",[42,679,159],{"href":158},[46,681],{},"\nA function or object is ODR-used if the address of the entity is taken, the function is called, or a reference is bound to the object. When a function or object is ODR-used, its definition must exist within the program or else the program is ill-formed.",[39,684,668,685,690,692,693,695],{},[49,686,687],{},[42,688],{"id":689},"BB.Definitions-RAII",[46,691],{},"\nRAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization)",[46,694],{},"\n** RAII is a design principle supported by C++. Holding a resource is a class invariant where the allocation of the resource (acquisition) is inseparable from the initialization of the object during its construction. Further, deallocation of the resource is performed during the destruction of the object. Thus, the resource is held when initialization completes and remains held until finalization begins, ensuring there are no resource leaks unless the object owning the resource is also leaked.",[39,697,698,701,703,52,706,57,710,712],{},[42,699],{"id":700},"BB.Definitions-reliability",[46,702],{},[49,704,705],{},"reliability",[42,707,709],{"href":708},"\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Fback-matter\u002Faa-bibliography#AA.Bibliography-IEEEStd610.121990","IEEE Std 610.12 1990",[46,711],{},"\nReliability is the ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time.",[39,714,715,718,720,52,723,57,725,727],{},[42,716],{"id":717},"BB.Definitions-restrictedsink",[46,719],{},[49,721,722],{},"restricted sink",[42,724,462],{"href":461},[46,726],{},"\nA restricted sink is an operand or argument whose domain is a subset of the domain described by its type.",[39,729,730,733,735,52,738,57,740,742,743,747],{},[42,731],{"id":732},"BB.Definitions-rvalue",[46,734],{},[49,736,737],{},"rvalue",[42,739,159],{"href":158},[46,741],{},"\nAn rvalue (so called, historically, because rvalues could appear on the right-hand side of an assignment expression), is an ",[42,744,746],{"href":745},"#BB.Definitions-xvalue","xvalue"," , a temporary object or subobject thereof, or a value that is not associated with an object.",[39,749,750,753,755,52,758,57,760,762],{},[42,751],{"id":752},"BB.Definitions-securityflaw",[46,754],{},[49,756,757],{},"security flaw",[42,759,339],{"href":338},[46,761],{},"\nA security flaw is a software defect that poses a potential security risk.",[39,764,765,768,770,52,772,57,776,778],{},[42,766],{"id":767},"BB.Definitions-securitypolicy",[46,769],{},[49,771,346],{},[42,773,775],{"href":774},"\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Fback-matter\u002Faa-bibliography#AA.Bibliography-InternetSociety00","Internet Society 2000",[46,777],{},"\nA security policy is a set of rules and practices that specify or regulate how a system or organization provides security services to protect sensitive and critical system resources.",[39,780,781,784,786,52,788,93,791,57,794,796,797,799,800,108,802,115],{},[42,782],{"id":783},"BB.Definitions-strongexceptionsafety",[46,785],{},[49,787,114],{},[42,789,790],{"href":91},"Stroustrup 2001",[42,792,793],{"href":96},"Sutter 2000",[46,795],{},"\nThe strong exception safety guarantee is a property of an operation such that, in addition to satisfying the ",[42,798,88],{"href":321}," guarantee, if the operation terminates by raising an exception, it has no observable effects on program state. (See also ",[42,801,107],{"href":106},[102,803,804],{},[42,805,88],{"href":321},[39,807,808,811,813,816,818,822],{},[42,809],{"id":810},"BB.Definitions-SFINAE",[46,812],{},[49,814,815],{},"SFINAE",[46,817],{},[42,819,815],{"href":820,"rel":821},"http:\u002F\u002Fen.cppreference.com\u002Fw\u002Fcpp\u002Flanguage\u002Fsfinae",[131]," (Substitution Failure Is Not An Error) is a language rule applied by the compiler during overload resolution involving templates. In some contexts, when substituting a template type parameter fails, the specialization is discarded from the overload set instead of causing a compile error. This feature is used in template metaprogramming.",[39,824,825,828,830,52,833,57,837,839],{},[42,826],{"id":827},"BB.Definitions-taintedsource",[46,829],{},[49,831,832],{},"tainted source",[42,834,836],{"href":835},"\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Fback-matter\u002Faa-bibliography#AA.Bibliography-ISO\u002FIECTS17961-2013","ISO\u002FIEC TS 17961:2012",[46,838],{},"\nA tainted source is an external source of untrusted data.",[39,841,842,845,847,52,850,57,852,854],{},[42,843],{"id":844},"BB.Definitions-taintedvalue",[46,846],{},[49,848,849],{},"tainted value",[42,851,836],{"href":835},[46,853],{},"\nA tainted value is a value derived from a tainted source that has not been sanitized.",[39,856,857,860,862,863,865],{},[42,858],{"id":859},"BB.Definitions-trustboundary",[46,861],{},"\n**trust boundary",[46,864],{},"\n** A trust boundary is a boundary between a trusted execution context (or trusted data source) in which all sub-execution contexts (or data sources) are trusted by the system and a nontrusted execution context (or nontrusted data sink).",[39,867,868,871,873,52,876,57,878,880],{},[42,869],{"id":870},"BB.Definitions-undefinedbehavior",[46,872],{},[49,874,875],{},"undefined behavior",[42,877,159],{"href":158},[46,879],{},"\nUndefined behavior is behavior, such as might arise upon use of an erroneous program construct or erroneous data, for which the C++ Standard imposes no requirements. Undefined behavior may also be expected when the C++ Standard omits the description of any explicit definition of behavior or defines the behavior to be ill-formed, with no diagnostic required.",[39,882,883,886,888,52,891,57,893,895,896,898],{},[42,884],{"id":885},"BB.Definitions-unspecifiedbehavior",[46,887],{},[49,889,890],{},"unspecified behavior",[42,892,159],{"href":158},[46,894],{},"\nUnspecified behavior is behavior, for a ",[42,897,484],{"href":483}," construct and correct data, that depends on the implementation. The implementation is not required to document which behavior occurs.",[39,900,901,904,906,52,909,57,911,913],{},[42,902],{"id":903},"BB.Definitions-unspecifiedvalue",[46,905],{},[49,907,908],{},"unspecified value",[42,910,462],{"href":461},[46,912],{},"\nAn unspecified value is a valid value of the relevant type where the C++ Standard imposes no requirements on which value is chosen in any instance.",[39,915,916,919,921,923,925,926,929],{},[42,917],{"id":918},"BB.Definitions-validpointer",[46,920],{},[49,922,536],{},[46,924],{},"\nA valid pointer is a pointer that refers to an element within an array or one past the last element of an array. For the purposes of this definition, a pointer to an object that is not an element of an array behaves the same as a pointer to the first element of an array of length one with the type of the object as its element type. For the purposes of this definition, an object can be considered to be an array of a certain number of bytes; that number is the size of the object, as produced by the ",[62,927,928],{},"sizeof"," operator.",[39,931,932,935,937,938,940],{},[42,933],{"id":934},"BB.Definitions-vtable",[46,936],{},"\n**vtable",[46,939],{},"\n** A vtable is a common implementation technique to support dynamic method dispatch, where a class object instance includes a hidden data member that is a pointer to an array of function pointers used to resolve virtual function calls at runtime.",[39,942,943,946,948,52,951,57,953,955],{},[42,944],{"id":945},"BB.Definitions-vulnerability",[46,947],{},[49,949,950],{},"vulnerability",[42,952,339],{"href":338},[46,954],{},"\nA vulnerability is a set of conditions that allows an attacker to violate an explicit or implicit security policy.",[39,957,958,282,961,969,971,972,108,976,115],{},[42,959],{"id":960},"BB.Definitions-warning",[49,962,963,966,968],{},[42,964],{"id":965},"BB.Definitions-warningmessage",[46,967],{},"\nwarning message",[46,970],{},"\nA warning message is a diagnostic message generated when source code is encountered that does not prevent an implementation from translating a translation unit. (See ",[102,973,974],{},[42,975,298],{"href":297},[42,977,979],{"href":978},"#BB.Definitions-errormessage",[102,980,270],{},[39,982,983,282,986,989,991,52,993,57,995,997,998,1000,1001,115],{},[42,984],{"id":985},"BB.Definitions-well-formed",[42,987],{"id":988},"BB.Definitions-well-formedprogram",[46,990],{},[49,992,484],{},[42,994,159],{"href":158},[46,996],{},"\nA well-formed program is a C++ program constructed according to the syntax rules, diagnosable semantic rules, and the ",[42,999,448],{"href":447}," . (See also ",[102,1002,1003],{},[42,1004,434],{"href":1005},"#BB.Definitions-ill-formedprogram",[39,1007,1008,1011,1013,52,1015,57,1017,1019,1020,1023],{},[42,1009],{"id":1010},"BB.Definitions-xvalue",[46,1012],{},[49,1014,746],{},[42,1016,159],{"href":158},[46,1018],{},"\nAn xvalue (an \"eXpiring\" value) also refers to an object, usually near the end of its lifetime (so that its resources may be moved, for example). An xvalue is the result of certain kinds of expressions involving ",[42,1021,737],{"href":1022},"#BB.Definitions-rvalue"," references.",{"title":1025,"searchDepth":1026,"depth":1026,"links":1027},"",2,[],"abnormal termination [ Open Group 08 ]\nAbnormal termination occurs when requested by the abort() function or when some signals are received.","md",{"tags":1031},[1032,1033,1034,1035],"section","recommendation","rule","bm","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Fback-matter\u002Fbb-definitions",{"title":30,"description":1028},"5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F4.back-matter\u002F3.bb-definitions","TuFAMS2SgXMf7YEgHScyBN47745xNvkvzNr3RMYTibc",[1041,1045],{"title":1042,"path":1043,"stem":1044,"children":-1},"AA. Bibliography","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Fback-matter\u002Faa-bibliography","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F4.back-matter\u002F2.aa-bibliography",{"title":1046,"path":1047,"stem":1048,"children":-1},"CC. Analyzers","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Fback-matter\u002Fcc-analyzers","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F4.back-matter\u002F4.cc-analyzers\u002F01.index",[1050],{"title":1051,"path":1052,"stem":1053,"children":1054},"SEI CERT C++ Coding Standard","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F1.index",[1055,1056,1124,1528,1744,1754],{"title":1051,"path":1052,"stem":1053},{"title":1057,"path":1058,"stem":1059,"children":1060},"Front Matter","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Ffront-matter","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F2.front-matter\u002F1.index",[1061,1062],{"title":1057,"path":1058,"stem":1059},{"title":1063,"path":1064,"stem":1065,"children":1066},"Introduction","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Ffront-matter\u002Fintroduction","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F2.front-matter\u002F2.introduction\u002F01.index",[1067,1068,1072,1076,1080,1084,1088,1092,1096,1100,1104,1108,1112,1116,1120],{"title":1063,"path":1064,"stem":1065},{"title":1069,"path":1070,"stem":1071},"Scope","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Ffront-matter\u002Fintroduction\u002Fscope","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F2.front-matter\u002F2.introduction\u002F02.scope",{"title":1073,"path":1074,"stem":1075},"Audience","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Ffront-matter\u002Fintroduction\u002Faudience","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F2.front-matter\u002F2.introduction\u002F03.audience",{"title":1077,"path":1078,"stem":1079},"Usage","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Ffront-matter\u002Fintroduction\u002Fusage","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F2.front-matter\u002F2.introduction\u002F04.usage",{"title":1081,"path":1082,"stem":1083},"How this Coding Standard Is Organized","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Ffront-matter\u002Fintroduction\u002Fhow-this-coding-standard-is-organized","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F2.front-matter\u002F2.introduction\u002F05.how-this-coding-standard-is-organized",{"title":1085,"path":1086,"stem":1087},"Relation to the CERT C Coding Standard","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Ffront-matter\u002Fintroduction\u002Frelation-to-the-cert-c-coding-standard","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F2.front-matter\u002F2.introduction\u002F06.relation-to-the-cert-c-coding-standard",{"title":1089,"path":1090,"stem":1091},"Rules Versus Recommendations","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Ffront-matter\u002Fintroduction\u002Frules-versus-recommendations","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F2.front-matter\u002F2.introduction\u002F07.rules-versus-recommendations",{"title":1093,"path":1094,"stem":1095},"Tool Selection and Validation","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Ffront-matter\u002Fintroduction\u002Ftool-selection-and-validation","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F2.front-matter\u002F2.introduction\u002F08.tool-selection-and-validation",{"title":1097,"path":1098,"stem":1099},"Conformance Testing","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Ffront-matter\u002Fintroduction\u002Fconformance-testing","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F2.front-matter\u002F2.introduction\u002F09.conformance-testing",{"title":1101,"path":1102,"stem":1103},"Development Process","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Ffront-matter\u002Fintroduction\u002Fdevelopment-process","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F2.front-matter\u002F2.introduction\u002F10.development-process",{"title":1105,"path":1106,"stem":1107},"System Qualities","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Ffront-matter\u002Fintroduction\u002Fsystem-qualities","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F2.front-matter\u002F2.introduction\u002F11.system-qualities",{"title":1109,"path":1110,"stem":1111},"Automatically Generated Code","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Ffront-matter\u002Fintroduction\u002Fautomatically-generated-code","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F2.front-matter\u002F2.introduction\u002F12.automatically-generated-code",{"title":1113,"path":1114,"stem":1115},"Government Regulations","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Ffront-matter\u002Fintroduction\u002Fgovernment-regulations","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F2.front-matter\u002F2.introduction\u002F13.government-regulations",{"title":1117,"path":1118,"stem":1119},"Acknowledgments","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Ffront-matter\u002Fintroduction\u002Facknowledgments","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F2.front-matter\u002F2.introduction\u002F14.acknowledgments",{"title":1121,"path":1122,"stem":1123},"Automated Detection","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Ffront-matter\u002Fintroduction\u002Fautomated-detection","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F2.front-matter\u002F2.introduction\u002F15.automated-detection",{"title":1125,"path":1126,"stem":1127,"children":1128},"Rules","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F01.index",[1129,1130,1152,1186,1228,1278,1336,1398,1412,1422,1460,1486],{"title":1125,"path":1126,"stem":1127},{"title":1131,"path":1132,"stem":1133,"children":1134},"Characters and Strings (STR)","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fcharacters-and-strings-str","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F02.characters-and-strings-str\u002F1.index",[1135,1136,1140,1144,1148],{"title":1131,"path":1132,"stem":1133},{"title":1137,"path":1138,"stem":1139},"STR50-CPP. Guarantee that storage for strings has sufficient space for character data and the null terminator","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fcharacters-and-strings-str\u002Fstr50-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F02.characters-and-strings-str\u002F2.str50-cpp",{"title":1141,"path":1142,"stem":1143},"STR52-CPP. Use valid references, pointers, and iterators to reference elements of a basic_string","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fcharacters-and-strings-str\u002Fstr52-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F02.characters-and-strings-str\u002F3.str52-cpp",{"title":1145,"path":1146,"stem":1147},"STR53-CPP. Range check element access","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fcharacters-and-strings-str\u002Fstr53-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F02.characters-and-strings-str\u002F4.str53-cpp",{"title":1149,"path":1150,"stem":1151},"string from a null pointer","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fcharacters-and-strings-str\u002Fstring-from-a-null-pointer","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F02.characters-and-strings-str\u002F5.string-from-a-null-pointer",{"title":1153,"path":1154,"stem":1155,"children":1156},"Concurrency (CON)","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fconcurrency-con","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F03.concurrency-con\u002F1.index",[1157,1158,1162,1166,1170,1174,1178,1182],{"title":1153,"path":1154,"stem":1155},{"title":1159,"path":1160,"stem":1161},"CON50-CPP. Do not destroy a mutex while it is locked","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fconcurrency-con\u002Fcon50-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F03.concurrency-con\u002F2.con50-cpp",{"title":1163,"path":1164,"stem":1165},"CON51-CPP. Ensure actively held locks are released on exceptional conditions","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fconcurrency-con\u002Fcon51-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F03.concurrency-con\u002F3.con51-cpp",{"title":1167,"path":1168,"stem":1169},"CON52-CPP. Prevent data races when accessing bit-fields from multiple threads","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fconcurrency-con\u002Fcon52-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F03.concurrency-con\u002F4.con52-cpp",{"title":1171,"path":1172,"stem":1173},"CON53-CPP. Avoid deadlock by locking in a predefined order","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fconcurrency-con\u002Fcon53-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F03.concurrency-con\u002F5.con53-cpp",{"title":1175,"path":1176,"stem":1177},"CON54-CPP. Wrap functions that can spuriously wake up in a loop","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fconcurrency-con\u002Fcon54-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F03.concurrency-con\u002F6.con54-cpp",{"title":1179,"path":1180,"stem":1181},"CON55-CPP. Preserve thread safety and liveness when using condition variables","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fconcurrency-con\u002Fcon55-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F03.concurrency-con\u002F7.con55-cpp",{"title":1183,"path":1184,"stem":1185},"CON56-CPP. Do not speculatively lock a non-recursive mutex that is already owned by the calling thread","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fconcurrency-con\u002Fcon56-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F03.concurrency-con\u002F8.con56-cpp",{"title":1187,"path":1188,"stem":1189,"children":1190},"Containers (CTR)","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fcontainers-ctr","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F04.containers-ctr\u002F01.index",[1191,1192,1196,1200,1204,1208,1212,1216,1220,1224],{"title":1187,"path":1188,"stem":1189},{"title":1193,"path":1194,"stem":1195},"CTR50-CPP. Guarantee that container indices and iterators are within the valid range","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fcontainers-ctr\u002Fctr50-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F04.containers-ctr\u002F02.ctr50-cpp",{"title":1197,"path":1198,"stem":1199},"CTR51-CPP. Use valid references, pointers, and iterators to reference elements of a container","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fcontainers-ctr\u002Fctr51-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F04.containers-ctr\u002F03.ctr51-cpp",{"title":1201,"path":1202,"stem":1203},"CTR52-CPP. Guarantee that library functions do not overflow","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fcontainers-ctr\u002Fctr52-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F04.containers-ctr\u002F04.ctr52-cpp",{"title":1205,"path":1206,"stem":1207},"CTR53-CPP. Use valid iterator ranges","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fcontainers-ctr\u002Fctr53-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F04.containers-ctr\u002F05.ctr53-cpp",{"title":1209,"path":1210,"stem":1211},"CTR54-CPP. Do not subtract iterators that do not refer to the same container","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fcontainers-ctr\u002Fctr54-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F04.containers-ctr\u002F06.ctr54-cpp",{"title":1213,"path":1214,"stem":1215},"CTR55-CPP. Do not use an additive operator on an iterator if the result would overflow","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fcontainers-ctr\u002Fctr55-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F04.containers-ctr\u002F07.ctr55-cpp",{"title":1217,"path":1218,"stem":1219},"CTR56-CPP. Do not use pointer arithmetic on polymorphic objects","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fcontainers-ctr\u002Fctr56-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F04.containers-ctr\u002F08.ctr56-cpp",{"title":1221,"path":1222,"stem":1223},"CTR57-CPP. Provide a valid ordering predicate","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fcontainers-ctr\u002Fctr57-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F04.containers-ctr\u002F09.ctr57-cpp",{"title":1225,"path":1226,"stem":1227},"CTR58-CPP. Predicate function objects should not be mutable","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fcontainers-ctr\u002Fctr58-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F04.containers-ctr\u002F10.ctr58-cpp",{"title":1229,"path":1230,"stem":1231,"children":1232},"Declarations and Initialization (DCL)","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fdeclarations-and-initialization-dcl","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F05.declarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002F01.index",[1233,1234,1238,1242,1246,1250,1254,1258,1262,1266,1270,1274],{"title":1229,"path":1230,"stem":1231},{"title":1235,"path":1236,"stem":1237},"DCL50-CPP. Do not define a C-style variadic function","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fdeclarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002Fdcl50-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F05.declarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002F02.dcl50-cpp",{"title":1239,"path":1240,"stem":1241},"DCL51-CPP. Do not declare or define a reserved identifier","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fdeclarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002Fdcl51-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F05.declarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002F03.dcl51-cpp",{"title":1243,"path":1244,"stem":1245},"DCL52-CPP. Never qualify a reference type with const or volatile","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fdeclarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002Fdcl52-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F05.declarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002F04.dcl52-cpp",{"title":1247,"path":1248,"stem":1249},"DCL53-CPP. Do not write syntactically ambiguous declarations","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fdeclarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002Fdcl53-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F05.declarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002F05.dcl53-cpp",{"title":1251,"path":1252,"stem":1253},"DCL54-CPP. Overload allocation and deallocation functions as a pair in the same scope","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fdeclarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002Fdcl54-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F05.declarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002F06.dcl54-cpp",{"title":1255,"path":1256,"stem":1257},"DCL55-CPP. Avoid information leakage when passing a class object across a trust boundary","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fdeclarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002Fdcl55-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F05.declarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002F07.dcl55-cpp",{"title":1259,"path":1260,"stem":1261},"DCL56-CPP. Avoid cycles during initialization of static objects","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fdeclarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002Fdcl56-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F05.declarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002F08.dcl56-cpp",{"title":1263,"path":1264,"stem":1265},"DCL57-CPP. Do not let exceptions escape from destructors or deallocation functions","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fdeclarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002Fdcl57-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F05.declarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002F09.dcl57-cpp",{"title":1267,"path":1268,"stem":1269},"DCL58-CPP. Do not modify the standard namespaces","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fdeclarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002Fdcl58-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F05.declarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002F10.dcl58-cpp",{"title":1271,"path":1272,"stem":1273},"DCL59-CPP. Do not define an unnamed namespace in a header file","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fdeclarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002Fdcl59-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F05.declarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002F11.dcl59-cpp",{"title":1275,"path":1276,"stem":1277},"DCL60-CPP. Obey the one-definition rule","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fdeclarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002Fdcl60-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F05.declarations-and-initialization-dcl\u002F12.dcl60-cpp",{"title":1279,"path":1280,"stem":1281,"children":1282},"Exceptions and Error Handling (ERR)","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexceptions-and-error-handling-err","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F06.exceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002F01.index",[1283,1284,1288,1292,1296,1300,1304,1308,1312,1316,1320,1324,1328,1332],{"title":1279,"path":1280,"stem":1281},{"title":1285,"path":1286,"stem":1287},"ERR50-CPP. Do not abruptly terminate the program","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002Ferr50-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F06.exceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002F02.err50-cpp",{"title":1289,"path":1290,"stem":1291},"ERR51-CPP. Handle all exceptions","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002Ferr51-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F06.exceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002F03.err51-cpp",{"title":1293,"path":1294,"stem":1295},"ERR52-CPP. Do not use setjmp() or longjmp()","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002Ferr52-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F06.exceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002F04.err52-cpp",{"title":1297,"path":1298,"stem":1299},"ERR53-CPP. Do not reference base classes or class data members in a constructor or destructor function-try-block handler","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002Ferr53-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F06.exceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002F05.err53-cpp",{"title":1301,"path":1302,"stem":1303},"ERR54-CPP. Catch handlers should order their parameter types from most derived to least derived","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002Ferr54-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F06.exceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002F06.err54-cpp",{"title":1305,"path":1306,"stem":1307},"ERR55-CPP. Honor exception specifications","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002Ferr55-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F06.exceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002F07.err55-cpp",{"title":1309,"path":1310,"stem":1311},"ERR56-CPP. Guarantee exception safety","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002Ferr56-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F06.exceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002F08.err56-cpp",{"title":1313,"path":1314,"stem":1315},"ERR57-CPP. Do not leak resources when handling exceptions","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002Ferr57-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F06.exceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002F09.err57-cpp",{"title":1317,"path":1318,"stem":1319},"ERR58-CPP. Handle all exceptions thrown before main() begins executing","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002Ferr58-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F06.exceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002F10.err58-cpp",{"title":1321,"path":1322,"stem":1323},"ERR59-CPP. Do not throw an exception across execution boundaries","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002Ferr59-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F06.exceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002F11.err59-cpp",{"title":1325,"path":1326,"stem":1327},"ERR60-CPP. Exception objects must be nothrow copy constructible","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002Ferr60-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F06.exceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002F12.err60-cpp",{"title":1329,"path":1330,"stem":1331},"ERR61-CPP. Catch exceptions by lvalue reference","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002Ferr61-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F06.exceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002F13.err61-cpp",{"title":1333,"path":1334,"stem":1335},"ERR62-CPP. Detect errors when converting a string to a number","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002Ferr62-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F06.exceptions-and-error-handling-err\u002F14.err62-cpp",{"title":1337,"path":1338,"stem":1339,"children":1340},"Expressions (EXP)","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexpressions-exp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F07.expressions-exp\u002F01.index",[1341,1342,1346,1350,1354,1358,1362,1366,1370,1374,1378,1382,1386,1390,1394],{"title":1337,"path":1338,"stem":1339},{"title":1343,"path":1344,"stem":1345},"EXP50-CPP. Do not depend on the order of evaluation for side effects","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexpressions-exp\u002Fexp50-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F07.expressions-exp\u002F02.exp50-cpp",{"title":1347,"path":1348,"stem":1349},"EXP51-CPP. Do not delete an array through a pointer of the incorrect type","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexpressions-exp\u002Fexp51-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F07.expressions-exp\u002F03.exp51-cpp",{"title":1351,"path":1352,"stem":1353},"EXP52-CPP. Do not rely on side effects in unevaluated operands","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexpressions-exp\u002Fexp52-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F07.expressions-exp\u002F04.exp52-cpp",{"title":1355,"path":1356,"stem":1357},"EXP53-CPP. Do not read uninitialized memory","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexpressions-exp\u002Fexp53-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F07.expressions-exp\u002F05.exp53-cpp",{"title":1359,"path":1360,"stem":1361},"EXP54-CPP. Do not access an object outside of its lifetime","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexpressions-exp\u002Fexp54-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F07.expressions-exp\u002F06.exp54-cpp",{"title":1363,"path":1364,"stem":1365},"EXP55-CPP. Do not access a cv-qualified object through a cv-unqualified type","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexpressions-exp\u002Fexp55-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F07.expressions-exp\u002F07.exp55-cpp",{"title":1367,"path":1368,"stem":1369},"EXP56-CPP. Do not call a function with a mismatched language linkage","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexpressions-exp\u002Fexp56-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F07.expressions-exp\u002F08.exp56-cpp",{"title":1371,"path":1372,"stem":1373},"EXP57-CPP. Do not cast or delete pointers to incomplete classes","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexpressions-exp\u002Fexp57-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F07.expressions-exp\u002F09.exp57-cpp",{"title":1375,"path":1376,"stem":1377},"EXP58-CPP. Pass an object of the correct type to va_start","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexpressions-exp\u002Fexp58-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F07.expressions-exp\u002F10.exp58-cpp",{"title":1379,"path":1380,"stem":1381},"EXP59-CPP. Use offsetof() on valid types and members","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexpressions-exp\u002Fexp59-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F07.expressions-exp\u002F11.exp59-cpp",{"title":1383,"path":1384,"stem":1385},"EXP60-CPP. Do not pass a nonstandard-layout type object across execution boundaries","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexpressions-exp\u002Fexp60-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F07.expressions-exp\u002F12.exp60-cpp",{"title":1387,"path":1388,"stem":1389},"EXP61-CPP. A lambda object must not outlive any of its reference captured objects","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexpressions-exp\u002Fexp61-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F07.expressions-exp\u002F13.exp61-cpp",{"title":1391,"path":1392,"stem":1393},"EXP62-CPP. Do not access the bits of an object representation that are not part of the object's value representation","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexpressions-exp\u002Fexp62-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F07.expressions-exp\u002F14.exp62-cpp",{"title":1395,"path":1396,"stem":1397},"EXP63-CPP. Do not rely on the value of a moved-from object","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fexpressions-exp\u002Fexp63-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F07.expressions-exp\u002F15.exp63-cpp",{"title":1399,"path":1400,"stem":1401,"children":1402},"Input Output (FIO)","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Finput-output-fio","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F08.input-output-fio\u002F1.index",[1403,1404,1408],{"title":1399,"path":1400,"stem":1401},{"title":1405,"path":1406,"stem":1407},"FIO50-CPP. Do not alternately input and output from a file stream without an intervening positioning call","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Finput-output-fio\u002Ffio50-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F08.input-output-fio\u002F2.fio50-cpp",{"title":1409,"path":1410,"stem":1411},"FIO51-CPP. Close files when they are no longer needed","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Finput-output-fio\u002Ffio51-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F08.input-output-fio\u002F3.fio51-cpp",{"title":1413,"path":1414,"stem":1415,"children":1416},"Integers (INT)","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fintegers-int","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F09.integers-int\u002F1.index",[1417,1418],{"title":1413,"path":1414,"stem":1415},{"title":1419,"path":1420,"stem":1421},"INT50-CPP. Do not cast to an out-of-range enumeration value","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fintegers-int\u002Fint50-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F09.integers-int\u002F2.int50-cpp",{"title":1423,"path":1424,"stem":1425,"children":1426},"Memory Management (MEM)","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fmemory-management-mem","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F10.memory-management-mem\u002F1.index",[1427,1428,1432,1436,1440,1444,1448,1452,1456],{"title":1423,"path":1424,"stem":1425},{"title":1429,"path":1430,"stem":1431},"MEM50-CPP. Do not access freed memory","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fmemory-management-mem\u002Fmem50-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F10.memory-management-mem\u002F2.mem50-cpp",{"title":1433,"path":1434,"stem":1435},"MEM51-CPP. Properly deallocate dynamically allocated resources","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fmemory-management-mem\u002Fmem51-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F10.memory-management-mem\u002F3.mem51-cpp",{"title":1437,"path":1438,"stem":1439},"MEM52-CPP. Detect and handle memory allocation errors","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fmemory-management-mem\u002Fmem52-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F10.memory-management-mem\u002F4.mem52-cpp",{"title":1441,"path":1442,"stem":1443},"MEM53-CPP. Explicitly construct and destruct objects when manually managing object lifetime","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fmemory-management-mem\u002Fmem53-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F10.memory-management-mem\u002F5.mem53-cpp",{"title":1445,"path":1446,"stem":1447},"MEM54-CPP. Provide placement new with properly aligned pointers to sufficient storage capacity","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fmemory-management-mem\u002Fmem54-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F10.memory-management-mem\u002F6.mem54-cpp",{"title":1449,"path":1450,"stem":1451},"MEM55-CPP. Honor replacement dynamic storage management requirements","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fmemory-management-mem\u002Fmem55-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F10.memory-management-mem\u002F7.mem55-cpp",{"title":1453,"path":1454,"stem":1455},"MEM56-CPP. Do not store an already-owned pointer value in an unrelated smart pointer","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fmemory-management-mem\u002Fmem56-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F10.memory-management-mem\u002F8.mem56-cpp",{"title":1457,"path":1458,"stem":1459},"MEM57-CPP. Avoid using default operator new for over-aligned types","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fmemory-management-mem\u002Fmem57-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F10.memory-management-mem\u002F9.mem57-cpp",{"title":1461,"path":1462,"stem":1463,"children":1464},"Miscellaneous (MSC)","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fmiscellaneous-msc","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F11.miscellaneous-msc\u002F1.index",[1465,1466,1470,1474,1478,1482],{"title":1461,"path":1462,"stem":1463},{"title":1467,"path":1468,"stem":1469},"MSC51-CPP. Ensure your random number generator is properly seeded","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fmiscellaneous-msc\u002Fmsc51-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F11.miscellaneous-msc\u002F2.msc51-cpp",{"title":1471,"path":1472,"stem":1473},"MSC52-CPP. Value-returning functions must return a value from all exit paths","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fmiscellaneous-msc\u002Fmsc52-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F11.miscellaneous-msc\u002F3.msc52-cpp",{"title":1475,"path":1476,"stem":1477},"MSC53-CPP. Do not return from a function declared [[noreturn]]","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fmiscellaneous-msc\u002Fmsc53-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F11.miscellaneous-msc\u002F4.msc53-cpp",{"title":1479,"path":1480,"stem":1481},"MSC54-CPP. A signal handler must be a plain old function","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fmiscellaneous-msc\u002Fmsc54-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F11.miscellaneous-msc\u002F5.msc54-cpp",{"title":1483,"path":1484,"stem":1485},"rand() for generating pseudorandom numbers","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fmiscellaneous-msc\u002Frand-for-generating-pseudorandom-numbers","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F11.miscellaneous-msc\u002F6.rand-for-generating-pseudorandom-numbers",{"title":1487,"path":1488,"stem":1489,"children":1490},"Object Oriented Programming (OOP)","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fobject-oriented-programming-oop","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F12.object-oriented-programming-oop\u002F01.index",[1491,1492,1496,1500,1504,1508,1512,1516,1520,1524],{"title":1487,"path":1488,"stem":1489},{"title":1493,"path":1494,"stem":1495},"OOP50-CPP. Do not invoke virtual functions from constructors or destructors","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fobject-oriented-programming-oop\u002Foop50-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F12.object-oriented-programming-oop\u002F02.oop50-cpp",{"title":1497,"path":1498,"stem":1499},"OOP51-CPP. Do not slice derived objects","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fobject-oriented-programming-oop\u002Foop51-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F12.object-oriented-programming-oop\u002F03.oop51-cpp",{"title":1501,"path":1502,"stem":1503},"OOP52-CPP. Do not delete a polymorphic object without a virtual destructor","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fobject-oriented-programming-oop\u002Foop52-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F12.object-oriented-programming-oop\u002F04.oop52-cpp",{"title":1505,"path":1506,"stem":1507},"OOP53-CPP. Write constructor member initializers in the canonical order","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fobject-oriented-programming-oop\u002Foop53-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F12.object-oriented-programming-oop\u002F05.oop53-cpp",{"title":1509,"path":1510,"stem":1511},"OOP54-CPP. Gracefully handle self-copy assignment","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fobject-oriented-programming-oop\u002Foop54-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F12.object-oriented-programming-oop\u002F06.oop54-cpp",{"title":1513,"path":1514,"stem":1515},"OOP55-CPP. Do not use pointer-to-member operators to access nonexistent members","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fobject-oriented-programming-oop\u002Foop55-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F12.object-oriented-programming-oop\u002F07.oop55-cpp",{"title":1517,"path":1518,"stem":1519},"OOP56-CPP. Honor replacement handler requirements","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fobject-oriented-programming-oop\u002Foop56-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F12.object-oriented-programming-oop\u002F08.oop56-cpp",{"title":1521,"path":1522,"stem":1523},"OOP57-CPP. Prefer special member functions and overloaded operators to C Standard Library functions","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fobject-oriented-programming-oop\u002Foop57-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F12.object-oriented-programming-oop\u002F09.oop57-cpp",{"title":1525,"path":1526,"stem":1527},"OOP58-CPP. Copy operations must not mutate the source object","\u002Fsei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002Frules\u002Fobject-oriented-programming-oop\u002Foop58-cpp","5.sei-cert-cpp-coding-standard\u002F3.rules\u002F12.object-oriented-programming-oop\u002F10.oop58-cpp",{"title":1529,"path":1530,"stem":1531,"children":1532},"Back 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